Reducing pain due to vaccination: comparison of distraction and oral sucrose

Neonates reaction to pain is more severe than adults. Therefore, recognition and application of pain control strategies by health care workers is necessary. Immunization is a common painful event during infancy, which is typically performed without pain control. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of distraction technique and oral sucrose on reducing vaccination pain. this randomized clinical trial was performed on healthy infants referring to the health centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in west of Tehran by their mother for DPT technique vaccination. Healthy infants groups [n=l14] were randomly assigned to distraction [n=38], oral sucrose [n=38] and routine care [n=38] groups. Infants in distraction group, were provided with a [rattle], 30 seconds before, during, and 15 seconds after the injection. Infants in sucrose group received 2 ml oral sucrose 2 minutes before injection and the control group received routine care [just lying on examination table]. Pain symptoms were measured by Modified Behavioral Pain Scale [MBPS] during 5 seconds before to 15 seconds after vaccination. Descriptive and inferential statistics [independent T-test] were used to analyze data using SPSS-PC. MBPS scores in distraction group and sucrose group were significantly lower than the control group [P= 0.0001]. No significant difference was seen between oral sucrose group and distraction group [P= 0.581]. Distraction technique and oral sucrose are recommended as easy to use, inexpensive and effective measures for immunization pain management of neonates

[ ups and downs of sex life in menopausal stage: a qualitative study]

The meaning of menopause and women experience of this transitional stage are related to cultural norms, social factors and one's knowledge of menopause. Women's image of menopasuse affects self-care and follow-ups during this stage. Among them is consideration of sexuality which is often ignored. The aim of this study was to discover menopausal complications in Iranian women. 14 women in menopausal stage were interviewed about their clinical experience. The interviews were transcribed and then analyzed using Van Manen's phenomenology technique. Data analysis showed that one of the women's most important clinical experiences of menopause which they can deliberately express was the start of a new stage. Since, according to those women, changes in their life style were being made in comparison with earlier stages, one of the most important problems that escaped unobserved was sexual challenges which started at this stage. The findings this study reveal women's beliefs about their sex life. This can be used as a basis for education and offering guidelines in order to increase their quality of life

Women's experience of menopause

Background and Purpose: Women's perception of menopause depend on cultural norms, social factors and individual knowledge of meanopause. Because of amny problems women face in this stage, the present study was designed to explore and interpret Iranian women's experience of menopause

Methods and Materials: Fourteen menopause women, spending time for hobby in public parks, were interviewed for their clinical experience after having signed the informed consent for inclusion in the study. Open in-depth semi-structure interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed by Van Manen phenomenological method, and the study ended after data were saturated

Results: The most important clinical experience of women from menopause, which emerged from the study data, were the physiologic event and deprivation themes. Also, subthemes included natural process of creation, facing alertness, healing power of menses, youth and femininity, and a light perspective into the future, which helped describe and expand the main themes

Conclusion: Despite different attitudes toward menopause, women consider this phenomenon as natural; however, concerns and expectation of its complications can affect the quality of their life